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The American Reaction to Richard Cobden An Economy of...

Introduction Though Anglo-American relations are not currently hostile, they were not always this way. This paper will explore the free trade beliefs of Richard Cobden, and show that Americans who rejected his ideas did so out of ignorance and fear. The paper will begin with a description of Cobden’s context and beliefs and then move to an analysis of American Anglophobia and Anglomania and governmental responses to Cobden. Context Trade liberalization in Great Britain signaled an era of intense change in the European economy. The document that triggered this change was the Cobden-Chevalier Treaty of 1860. Anglo-French trade antagonisms had reached an agonizing level for the two countries, beginning with the Congress of Vienna and†¦show more content†¦Later, in the same speech, he stated that the goal of the League was not to simply have cheap corn, but to have corn â€Å"follow the same law which the monopolists in food admit that labor must follow; that ‘it shall find its natural level in the markets of the world’† (Bullock Shock, 1957). Cobden also believed that military spending, instead of aiding growth, prevented markets from operating as they could if more money was available for private investment (Stringham, 2004). He believed that market interaction was the most influential factor in the success of the most powerful nations and that Britain should lower its military spending if it wanted to compete in the global market. In 1996, Knight, Loayza, and Villanueva conducted a study which confirmed Cobden’s beliefs, concluding that â€Å"military spending retards economic growth; namely, through crowding out human capital investment and fostering the adoption of various types of trade restrictions† (as cited in Stringham, 2004, p. 108). Though this study—and others like it—came much later than Cobden’s time, he planted the seed of doubt in many citizens’ minds about what they had previously seen as the benefits of military growth. Ironically, Cobden viewed the U.S. as a threat to Britain’s economic influence. The U.S. had lower taxes and less military spending (which would eventually rise with the two World Wars) and attributed the country’s sudden economic rise

Essay On School Violence Example For Students

Essay On School Violence Abstract School violence remains a serious American problem, especially in Americas inner-cities. Mainstream strategies to reduce school violence have focused on combinations of upgrading school security postures (more guards, metal detectors, etc.) and in improving student intervention programs (peer counseling, conflict resolution, etc. ). This paper investigates another aspect of school violenceschool cultures of violencethat few schools recognize as a serious problem and that mainstream strategies fail to address. School cultures of violence entail school administrators, teachers, and students becoming socialized into an environment where school violence as a method of student interpersonal relations is tolerated or perhaps considered inevitable. This paper develops, through an ethnographic and survey study of four Miami-Dade public high schools, how school cultures of violence are allowed to exist through a combination of factors that include: (1) school staff discourses of denial that school violence problems exist, (2) non-caring school atmospheres, and (3) remiss school security forces. In those schools with cultures of violence, it is shown how high neighborhood crime rates are allowed to invade the schools, resulting in higher levels of school crime and increased student fear of being victimized in school. Introduction I fear going to school one day and a Haitian might dont like me and say Look at that American, I dont like that American.and they might come over theretheyd be 50 of them jumping me.I feel like I might just walk in and just say the wrong thing and get whooped, get beat down. They are so crazy, they bring weapons to school, I mean guns, knives, everything, everybody. Male African-American Tenth-grader I found this Miami-Dade County, Florida, teenagers response upsetting. Guns and knives in school? Afraid of getting whooped and beat down? This teen was not talking about life on a crime-ridden city street or in some local jail. He was talking about walking down the halls of his urban public high school! This teens experiences were obviously a long way from the school memories of my own small town Mid-Western upbringing. In researching school violence and student fear, I quickly discovered that many of Americas senior high schools, once seen as the bastions of community scholarship, have transformed from centers of learning to centers of violence. Today, especially in Americas inner-cities, many school grounds project images of impenetrable school fortresses sporting 15-foot high barbed wire-topped security fences and iron bar-covered windows and doors. The news media and Hollywood, as seen in Michelle Pfeiffers 1995 movie Dangerous Minds and Tom Berengers 1996 movie The Substitute, often characterize inner-city schools as chaotic battlefields where armed police and security patrols are locked in mortal combat against drugs, gangs, and violence. In a 1994 survey of Americas school boards, 91. 5 percent of respondents in school districts with more than 25,000 students reported school violence as a problem (Weisenburger, et al. 1995: 34). In response to growing school crime and violence problems, the President and the nations 50 governors adopted National Education Goal Six (Goal 6) that prescribes By the year 2000, every school in America will be free of drugs and violence and will offer a disciplined conducive environment for learning (OERI 1993: iii). However, even with Goal 6s focus on school drug and violence issues, nationwide between 1991 and 1994: student drug use increased (24% to 33%), students offered drugs at school increased (18% to 24%), students threatened or injured in an attack at school only slightly decreased (40% to 36%), and teachers threatened or injured in an attack at school increased (10% to 15%) (NEGP 1995: 50-52). None of these indicators predict even partial accomplishment of Goal 6 by the year 2000. After pouring hundreds of millions of tax dollars into school security programs, why do many of Americas schools remain infested with violence? Two mainstream views on how to solve school violence problems have emerged. One view offers that the causes of school violence are ineffective control of students and school grounds. Advocates of this view normally offer that, even though millions of dollars are spent on security programs, the resources are still not sufficient to control the spread of school violence. .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03 , .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03 .postImageUrl , .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03 , .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03:hover , .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03:visited , .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03:active { border:0!important; } .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03:active , .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03 .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udbbbb963d41f6b487488a0a5bd281c03:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 1996: A Turbulent Year for Israel Essay They contend that schools require even more armed on-site police, more roving security guards, more metal detectors, and more electronic surveillance equipment. Another view downplays such school fortress security measures and argues that the causes of school violence are within the students themselves. They submit that school violence problems are solvable through the expansion of proven intervention programs, most notably for student mentoring, conflict mediation, anger resolution, and peer counseling. My look inside four Miami-Dade senior high schools reveals another explanation for the causes of continuing school violenceone comp letely different from either of the mainstream views. I discovered that a culture of violence exists in some Miami-Dade public schools, a culture where interpersonal violence becomes a normal way of life for many students. I found three key factors that contribute to these school cultures of violence: school officials denying they have a violence problem, uncooperative and non-caring school atmospheres, and misconduct by the very security forces intended to control the violence. This paper develops how combinations of these three factors perpetuate high levels of school violence and contribute to increasing student fears of being victimized in their own schools.

An Education In Liberal Arts Essay Example For Students

An Education In Liberal Arts Essay Liberal arts is a universal education that provides a strong foundation of knowledge in many subjects. Liberal arts can observe the capabilities as well as the limitations of each field of study. This allows students to find connections between different fields of study, to explore them, and to discover new theories and/or inventions. Liberal arts also allows students to investigate areas of interest and to make new ones by combining diverse subjects. A liberal arts education provides students with a broad spectrum of information enabling them to expand their knowledge and to advance society in a positive direction. It is imperative that a liberal arts posses the basic knowledge of the many fields. With this knowledge, students can combine different subjects to formulate new ideas and concepts. As in mixing colors, a new color can only be created by combining various colors. The same is true for liberal arts education, the resulting ideas and/or concepts is derived from the combination used to create it. A liberal arts education provides a strong foundation of knowledge in many fields allowing students to create new theories and inventions. With this foundation, there are endless possibilities that students can expand and build on what others have learned rather than wasting time on what has already been discovered. In order to illustrate, Ill use the example of the telephone. The telephone was an ingenious invention that was combined with the innovation of a free thinker, Alexander Graham Bell. Bell created the first working telephone and the impact of the telephone on society, over the past 100 years, is immeasurable. The result of the telephone revolutionized communication, advancing society to another level. Inventions that advance society, such as this, demonstrate the value of a liberal arts education. In years past, more and more scientists, from an array of various fields, have elaborated upon the basic telephone by inventing different components to be used along with the telephone such as the facsimile machine and computer modems which enable communication via the internet. In short, a liberal arts education provides students with a strong foundation of universal knowledge that allows them to think without restrictions or barriers. Liberal arts allow imaginative thoughts to develop freely. Such imaginative thoughts lead to discoveries and inventions which, in turn, advance society to higher levels. It is evident that a liberal arts education is one of societys tools for advancement in a positive direction.